Biological Bases of Behavior: CUET PG Psychology

Other Options Explained:
A: Soma is the cell body where the nucleus and organelles are located.
C: Dendrites receive signals from other neurons, not send them.
D: Myelin is the insulating layer that speeds up signal transmission along the axon.

Other Options Explained:
A: Positive charge is more on the outside of the neuron.
B: Both charges exist, but the inside remains mainly negative.
C: The resting state is not neutral; it is actively maintained negative.

Other Options Explained:
A: “Protagonist” is not a biological term related to neuron activity.
B: An antagonist blocks neurotransmitter effects, not enhance them.
D: Glial cells support neurons but are unrelated to venom action.

Other Options Explained:
A: MRI creates brain images but does not involve stimulation.
B: ECT is a treatment for depression using strong electrical currents, not gentle stimulation.
D: Deep brain lesioning permanently destroys brain tissues, not stimulate them temporarily.

Other Options Explained:
A: MRI Spectroscopy measures chemical composition, not pathways.
C: fMRI tracks brain activity based on blood flow, not structural white matter.
D: CT scans give basic brain images but lack fine detail for white matter.

A: Axons carry signals away from the neuron’s cell body, not toward it.
C: The soma is the main cell body but mainly processes information, not receives it.
D: Myelin insulates axons to speed up signal transmission; it does not receive messages.

A: The thyroid mainly regulates metabolism, not blood sugar.
B: The pituitary is the “master gland,” but it doesn’t directly control blood sugar.
D: The adrenal glands manage stress hormones like cortisol, not sugar regulation.

A: Negative pair bonding is not a major effect of oxytocin.
B: Oxytocin affects social processing more than physical reactions like heart rate.
D: Social loafing refers to reduced effort in groups, unrelated to oxytocin action.

A: Parasympathetic system calms the body, not manages reflexes.
C: Sympathetic system prepares for fight or flight, not instant withdrawal.
D: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s ability to reorganize itself, not reflex actions.

A: Efferent neurons carry signals away from the brain, not toward it.
C: A neuron cannot be both afferent and efferent simultaneously.
D: Voluntary muscle fibers are controlled by motor neurons, not sensory neurons.

A: Somatic division controls voluntary muscle movements, not emergency responses.
C: Parasympathetic division calms the body, not energizes it.
D: Motor division relates to muscle movements but doesn’t manage stress reactions.

A: Cingulate cortex deals with emotional regulation but not specifically fear memories.
B: Hypothalamus controls bodily functions like hunger and temperature, not emotional memory.
D: Medulla handles vital automatic processes like breathing and heartbeat, not emotional memory.

A: Frontal lobe mainly handles reasoning, planning, and movement.
C: Temporal lobe deals with hearing and memory, not vision.
D: Parietal lobe processes sensations like touch and body position.

A: Synaptic knobs release neurotransmitters at the end of axons, they don’t insulate.
C: Receptor sites are located on receiving neurons, not insulating axons.
D: Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers, not protective coverings.

A: GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces overall brain activity.
C: Serotonin mainly influences mood, sleep, and appetite.
D: Endorphins help reduce pain and create feelings of pleasure, not muscle contraction.

A: EEG records brain’s electrical activity but does not stimulate it.
B: Invasive stimulation involves implants or surgery.
D: PET scans show brain activity using radioactive tracers, not magnetic pulses.

A: Cerebellum manages balance and coordination, not alertness.
B: Medulla controls breathing and heart rate, not wakefulness.
C: Pons assists sleep regulation but doesn’t directly trigger alertness to noise.

A: Amygdala handles emotions like fear and anger.
B: Hypothalamus regulates body temperature, hunger, and hormones.
C: Hippocampus is crucial for forming new memories.

A: Hearing is processed mainly in the temporal lobe.
C: Touch is managed by the parietal lobe.
D: Taste and smell are mainly linked to the frontal and temporal lobes.

A: Broca’s aphasia results in broken or halted speech, not fluent but incorrect sentences.
B: Spatial neglect affects awareness of space, not language.
C: Visual agnosia is the inability to recognize objects visually, unrelated to language use.

A: Somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscle movements.
C: Sympathetic is a branch of autonomic, dealing with “fight or flight” responses.
D: Parasympathetic is another branch, promoting “rest and digest” activities, but not the entire involuntary control.

B: Taste is processed mainly in the gustatory cortex.
C: Smell is linked to the olfactory bulbs.
D: Hearing is processed in the auditory cortex, not somatosensory.

B: Cortisol is a stress hormone, typically highest in the morning.
C: Epinephrine (adrenaline) prepares the body for “fight or flight” situations.
D: Insulin regulates blood sugar, unrelated to sleep.

A: Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) processes information but doesn’t directly activate stress responses.
B: Peripheral is a broader system including both somatic and autonomic divisions.
D: Parasympathetic calms the body after stress, not during it.

A: Brain stem controls basic life functions, unchanged significantly through evolution.
B: Hypothalamus regulates survival functions like hunger and temperature.
C: Pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland, not primarily linked to higher cognition.

A: Body temperature is mainly balanced by the hypothalamus, not the cerebellum.
B: Feeling pain involves sensory pathways and the thalamus, not this area.
D: Emotional regulation mainly involves the limbic system, not the cerebellum.

B: Neurons are fewer, not the majority.
C: 10% is too low; neurons make up around 20% of brain cells.
D: Neurons are not 90% — that’s a common misconception.

B: Schwann cells work outside the brain and spinal cord, not inside.
C: Astrocytes provide nutrients and support, but don’t create myelin.
D: Microglia are like brain security guards, not involved in myelin-making.

A: Soma means just the cell body, not the entire neuron.
B: Dendrites branch off the soma and receive messages, but they aren’t the soma itself.
D: The axon carries messages away, but it’s a different part of the neuron.

A: 92 chromosomes would only appear after DNA has replicated before cell division.
C: 23 chromosomes are found in reproductive cells (egg or sperm), not in body cells.
D: 12.5 is not a meaningful chromosome number for humans.

B: It’s the left that handles verbal tasks, not the right.
C: Logical is correct for the left, but “objective” is vague and not a specific hemisphere trait.
D: Same issue — “objective” is not linked clearly to either side.

A: MRI gives detailed images of brain structures.
B: PET scans show brain activity and blood flow.
C: CT scans create X-ray-like images of the brain.

B: Temporal lobe mainly handles hearing and memory, not emotional control.
C: Occipital lobe is specialized for vision, not emotions.
D: Parietal lobe deals with touch and spatial sense, not emotional regulation.

A: The hippocampus mainly forms memories, not detects threats.
C: Hypothalamus controls basic drives like hunger, thirst, and temperature, not threat detection.
D: Corpus callosum connects the two brain hemispheres, not emotions.

A: Motor neurons carry commands from the brain to muscles, not the other way.
B: Interneurons connect different neurons within the brain or spinal cord.
D: Associative neurons is an older term; afferent is the correct and specific one.

B: Refractory period is when the neuron is “recharging” and can’t fire again yet.
C: Resting potential is the neuron’s inactive, stable state before firing.
D: Excitatory cells refer to types of neurons, not the firing impulse itself.

B: The midbrain mainly controls vision, hearing, and basic movements.
C: The hindbrain regulates survival functions like breathing and heart rate.
D: The occipital lobe is part of the cerebrum and handles vision, not a major brain division.

B: Axons are parts of neurons that carry signals away, not full building blocks.
C: Synapses are the spaces where neurons communicate, but not the cell itself.
D: Dendrites are neuron branches receiving messages, but again, not complete cells.

A: The parasympathetic system calms the body after emergencies, not prepares it.
C: The somatic system controls voluntary muscle movements.
D: The central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) processes information but isn’t a “branch” preparing for emergencies.

A: Dopamine is mainly tied to pleasure and reward, not mood balance.
C: Acetylcholine supports memory and muscle activation, not mood.
D: Endorphins reduce pain and create feelings of pleasure, not regulate depression.

A: Axon terminal is the end of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored but not the gap itself.
C: Soma is the main body of a neuron, not related to the gap.
D: Node of Ranvier are gaps along a myelinated axon, unrelated to neuron-to-neuron communication.

A: Amygdala processes emotions like fear but does not connect hemispheres.
B: Hippocampus helps in forming memories, not in linking hemispheres.
D: Thalamus relays sensory signals but doesn’t connect the hemispheres.

A: Parietal lobe handles touch and spatial awareness, not personality.
B: Temporal lobe deals mainly with hearing and memory, not emotional control.
D: Occipital lobe is responsible for vision, not personality.

A: Thyroid gland controls metabolism but follows pituitary orders.
C: Adrenal glands produce stress hormones but aren’t the “master.”
D: Pineal gland regulates sleep cycles through melatonin, not other glands.

A: Medulla controls vital life functions like breathing, not balance.
B: Pons helps relay messages but doesn’t fine-tune movement.
D: Thalamus processes sensory information, not motor coordination.

A: Understanding language is more related to Wernicke’s area.
C: Emotions are primarily managed by the limbic system.
D: Movement coordination is mainly a function of the cerebellum.

A: Cortisol is the stress hormone, not related to sleep cycles.
B: Insulin regulates blood sugar levels, not sleep.
D: Dopamine influences mood and movement but does not control sleep directly.

A: Enhancing effects is the role of agonists, not antagonists.
B: Mimicking neurotransmitters is also a job of agonist drugs.
D: Neuron firing speed is not directly controlled by antagonist action.

A: Growth of neurons is known as neurogenesis, not neuroplasticity.
B: Loss of neurons (neurodegeneration) is a different process.
D: Inflammation of brain tissue refers to encephalitis, not plasticity.

A: Language processing is mainly handled by the left hemisphere.
B: Logical thinking is typically a left-brain function.
D: Analytical thinking, like solving math problems, is also left-dominant.

A: Glial cells like oligodendrocytes produce myelin.
B: They supply essential nutrients to neurons.
C: They help clear out dead neurons.
D: Correct! Only neurons generate action potentials, not glial cells.

A: A neuron is the entire nerve cell, not the gap.
B: Reuptake inhibitors affect neurotransmitter recycling, not the gap itself.
D: Glial cells are supportive cells, not part of the synapse.

A: Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter, not involved in pain relief.
C: Acetylcholine helps with muscle movement and memory.
D: Serotonin influences mood but not directly pain relief.

A: EEG measures electrical activity, not blood oxygen.
C: CT scans show brain structure, not activity.
D: PET scans track glucose usage, not blood oxygen specifically.

A: DTI maps white matter pathways, not electrical signals.
B: PET scans monitor metabolic processes, not electrical activity.
C: PTI is not a standard brain imaging method.

A: Soma refers to the cell body of a neuron.
B: Glia are supporting cells, not a fatty substance.
D: Neurilemma is the outermost layer of a Schwann cell, not the fatty coating itself.

A: The pituitary gland controls other glands but doesn’t directly manage metabolism.
C: Adrenal glands deal with stress hormones, not basal metabolism.
D: Pancreas regulates blood sugar, not metabolism speed.

A: The pineal gland regulates sleep through melatonin but doesn’t control other glands.
B: Gonads (ovaries and testes) manage reproductive hormones.
D: The pancreas mainly regulates blood sugar levels.

A: Deep lesioning destroys parts of the brain and doesn’t help recovery.
C: Shallow lesioning is not a recognized neurological term.
D: Cell regeneration happens but is different from creating new brain pathways.

A: Sensory neurons relay information to the brain, not control movement.
C: The autonomic system handles involuntary functions like heartbeat.
D: Parasympathetic division deals with calming the body, not voluntary movement.

A: Hypothalamus controls body functions like hunger and temperature, not sensory relay.
C: Reticular formation helps with alertness, not sensory routing.
D: Pons assists with sleep and coordination, not directing sensory input.

B: Corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres but is deep inside the brain.
C: Thalamus is located centrally and acts as a relay station.
D: Medulla controls automatic functions like breathing and is at the brainstem.

B: Wernicke’s aphasia affects understanding language, not movement.
C: Broca’s aphasia impacts speech production.
D: Spatial neglect causes one to ignore one side of the visual field, not limb movement.

A: Charges are not arranged vertically as top and bottom.
B: Outside is positive and inside is negative, not the reverse.
D: Bottom and top are not the correct directional terms for electrical charge.

A: Glial cells are support cells, not chemicals that mimic neurotransmitters.
B: Protagonist is a storytelling term, not a biological one.
C: Antagonists block neurotransmitters rather than mimic them.